Every line on the back of a card, and where it comes from.

FUNGORUM · VOL. I

PLATE I · Amanita muscaria · Fly agaric

First Nature, Amanita muscaria, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/amanita-muscaria.php (description, mycorrhizal hosts, distribution, toxins, Christmas colour hedge)

Kulpa, E. 2022, The Customs of Siberian Koryaks. The Use of Fly Agaric in Kamchatka Folk Medicine, Roczniki Kulturoznawcze 13(3), https://ojs.tnkul.pl/index.php/rkult/article/view/17866 (Koryak shamanic use)

Woodland Trust, Fly Agaric, https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/fungi-and-lichens/fly-agaric/ (bulbous base, hosts, poisonous)

PLATE II · Boletus edulis · Penny bun · porcini · cep

First Nature, Boletus edulis, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/boletus-edulis.php (description, hosts, obligate mycorrhiza, dries well)

Woodland Trust, Penny Bun, https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/fungi-and-lichens/penny-bun/ (porcini, cep, Devil's bolete warning)

Boa, E. 2004, Wild edible fungi: a global overview, FAO, https://www.fao.org/3/y5489e/y5489e.pdf (Borgotaro collected for centuries and exported; verify page number before print)

PLATE III · Cantharellus cibarius · Golden chanterelle

First Nature, Cantharellus cibarius, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/cantharellus-cibarius.php (description, hosts, ectomycorrhizal, etymology, false chanterelle)

Miller, N. 2023, The Forest's Gold: The Appearance of Chanterelles in Swedish History, NiCHE, https://niche-canada.org/2023/09/21/the-forests-gold-the-appearance-of-chanterelles-in-swedish-history/ (Swedish tradition, right to roam)

First Nature, Omphalotus olearius, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/omphalotus-olearius.php (jack o'lantern, seriously poisonous)

PLATE IV · Morchella esculenta · Morel

First Nature, Morchella esculenta, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/morchella-esculenta.php (hollow, season, chalky soil, dual ecology, cook thoroughly, Gyromitra warning)

Miller, A.N. et al. 2017, First report of the post-fire morel Morchella exuberans in eastern North America, Mycologia (burn morels are black morels of the Elata clade; M. esculenta not among them)

Kuo, M. et al. 2012, Taxonomic revision of true morels (Morchella) in Canada and the United States, Mycologia (North American yellow morel is a separate species)

Woodland Trust, Morel, https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/fungi-and-lichens/morel/ (raw morels poisonous, false morel)

PLATE V · Tuber melanosporum · Black truffle

First Nature, Tuber melanosporum, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/tuber-melanosporum.php (description, hosts, range, pigs then dogs, inoculated hazel)

Barou, V. et al. 2023, Aromatic Plants and Their Associated Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Outcompete Tuber melanosporum in Compatibility Assays with Truffle-Oaks, Biology 12(4):628, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10136101/ (orchards of inoculated seedlings, five-year lead time)

PLATE VI · Agaricus campestris · Field mushroom

First Nature, Agaricus campestris, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/agaricus-campestris.php (description, saprobic, very closely related to A. bisporus, rings not the norm)

Scottish Fungi, Agaricus bisporus, https://sites.google.com/site/scottishfungi/species-profiles/agaricus-bisporus (first cultivation in France 1650)

MushroomExpert, Agaricus campestris, http://www.mushroomexpert.com/agaricus_campestris.html (arcs and fairy rings, saprobic)

First Nature, Amanita virosa, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/amanita-virosa.php (destroying angel collected by accident with Agaricus)

PLATE VII · Marasmius oreades · Fairy ring champignon

RHS, Fairy rings in lawns, https://www.rhs.org.uk/biodiversity/fairy-rings (Marasmius oreades, 30 cm a year, hundreds of years)

First Nature, Marasmius oreades, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/marasmius-oreades.php (description, saprobic, Clitocybe warning)

Woodland Trust, What is a fairy ring?, https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/2019/08/what-is-a-fairy-ring/ (fairies dancing folklore)

First Nature, Clitocybe rivulosa, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/clitocybe-rivulosa.php (fool's funnel, deadly poisonous)

PLATE VIII · Coprinus comatus · Shaggy inkcap

First Nature, Coprinus comatus, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/coprinus-comatus.php (deliquescence, saprobic habitat, eat within an hour or two)

Scottish Fungi, Coprinus comatus, https://sites.google.com/site/scottishfungi/species-profiles/coprinus-comatus-shaggy-ink-cap (ink used for writing)

The Wildlife Trusts, Shaggy inkcap, https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/fungi/shaggy-inkcap (habitat, edible when young)

PLATE IX · Lycoperdon perlatum · Common puffball

First Nature, Lycoperdon perlatum, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/lycoperdon-perlatum.php (description, spore puff, etymology, saprotroph, deathcap-button warning)

Volk, T. 2001, Fungus of the Month, Lycoperdon pyriforme, University of Wisconsin, https://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/nov2001.html (Greek etymology, rain-triggered dispersal, slice every puffball)

PLATE X · Geastrum triplex · Collared earthstar

Woodland Trust, Collared Earthstar, https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/fungi-and-lichens/collared-earthstar/ (beech leaf litter on chalk, 4-8 rays, raindrop dispersal, not eaten)

MushroomExpert, Geastrum triplex, https://www.mushroomexpert.com/geastrum_triplex.html (saprobic, rays non-hygroscopic)

First Nature, Astraeus hygrometricus, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/astraeus-hygrometricus.php (the barometer earthstar is the species whose rays open and close)

PLATE XI · Fomes fomentarius · Tinder fungus · hoof fungus

Peintner, U., Pöder, R. and Pümpel, T. 1998, The Iceman's fungi, Mycological Research 102(10), https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mycological-research/article/abs/icemans-fungi/95A3560AB1CA97921C51349A758B4C35 (tinder from Fomes fomentarius in the girdle bag)

South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, Ötzi's clothing, https://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi/clothing (belt pouch contained tinder fungus)

First Nature, Fomes fomentarius, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/fomes-fomentarius.php (description, hosts, parasite then saprobe, amadou, inedible)

PLATE XII · Ganoderma lingzhi · Reishi · lingzhi (syn. G. sichuanense)

First Nature, Ganoderma lucidum, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/ganoderma-lucidum.php (description, parasitic and saprobic, 2000 years of medicinal use)

Du, Z. et al. 2023, Re-Examination of the Holotype of Ganoderma sichuanense and a Clarification of the Identity of Chinese Cultivated Lingzhi, Journal of Fungi, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10051598/ (lingzhi is not European G. lucidum; G. lingzhi a later synonym of G. sichuanense)

GBIF, Ganoderma lingzhi, https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/7690471 (synonym of G. sichuanense)

The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Ruyi Scepter in the Shape of a Fungus of Longevity, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/61919 (carved lingzhi as longevity symbol)

PLATE XIII · Lentinula edodes · Shiitake

Pegler, D.N. (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew) 2003, Useful fungi of the world: the Shii-take, Shimeji, Enoki-take, and Nameko mushrooms, Mycologist 17(1), https://davidmoore.org.uk/21st_Century_Guidebook_to_Fungi_PLATINUM/REPRINT_collection/Pegler_oriental_edible_mushrooms.pdf (Song-dynasty origin c. 1000-1100 CE, dead-wood habit, spread to Japan)

Cornell Small Farms, Shiitake Mushroom Basics, https://smallfarms.cornell.edu/projects/mushrooms/methods-of-commercial-mushroom-cultivation-in-the-northeastern-united-states/1-shiitake-mushroom-basics (cap and gill colours, oak substrate)

Sustainable Cultivation and Functional Bioactive Compounds of Auricularia Mushrooms, PMC review, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12649933/ (wood ear cultivation 1,400 years old)

PLATE XIV · Laetiporus sulphureus · Chicken of the woods

Kew Grow Wild, Chicken of the woods, https://growwild.kew.org/plants/chicken-woods (hosts, brown rot of heartwood, soft flesh, edibility caveat, yew warning)

MushroomExpert, Laetiporus sulphureus, https://www.mushroomexpert.com/laetiporus_sulphureus.html (parasitic and saprobic, brown cubical heart rot)

First Nature, Laetiporus sulphureus, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/laetiporus-sulphureus.php (chicken-like taste, refruiting the following year)

PLATE XV · Hericium erinaceus · Lion's mane · bearded tooth

First Nature, Hericium erinaceus, Bearded Tooth, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/hericium-erinaceus.php (appearance, hosts, edibility, Schedule 8 protection in Britain)

MushroomExpert, Hericium erinaceus, https://www.mushroomexpert.com/hericium_erinaceus.html (saprobic and parasitic, unbranched clump from wounds of living hardwoods)

Hericium erinaceus Ethanolic Extract, Zebrafish Model, PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8231562/ (centuries of use in traditional Chinese medicine)

PLATE XVI · Pleurotus ostreatus · Oyster mushroom

Comprehensive review on oyster mushroom species (Agaricomycetes), Heliyon, PMC, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10907667/ (Falck, Germany, 1917, stumps and logs; cultivation on agricultural waste)

First Nature, Pleurotus ostreatus, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/pleurotus-ostreatus.php (appearance, beech hosts, saprobic role)

Woodland Trust, Oyster mushroom, https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/fungi-and-lichens/oyster-mushroom/ (fan shape, off-centre stem)

PLATE XVII · Amanita caesarea · Caesar's mushroom

First Nature, Amanita caesarea, Caesar's Mushroom, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/amanita-caesarea.php (appearance, oak ectomycorrhiza, southern Europe, Agrippina and Claudius story, edibility)

Grimm-Samuel, V., On the Mushroom that Deified the Emperor Claudius, Classical Quarterly, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/classical-quarterly/article/abs/on-the-mushroom-that-deified-the-emperor-claudius/98E89EF6B7A5E62E59180071664BA4E9 (death cap as the likely agent; evidence contradictory, hence legend framing)

PLATE XVIII · Amanita phalloides · Death cap

First Nature, Amanita phalloides, Deathcap, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/amanita-phalloides.php (appearance, oak mycorrhiza, over 90% of European fungus deaths, toxin survives cooking, volva check)

StatPearls, Amatoxin Mushroom Toxicity, NCBI Bookshelf, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431052/ (95% of mushroom deaths worldwide from amatoxin-containing mushrooms)

PLATE XIX · Macrolepiota procera · Parasol

First Nature, Macrolepiota procera, Parasol, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/macrolepiota-procera.php (cap 10-25 cm, height to 30 cm, snakeskin stem, habitat, saprobic, Lepiota caution)

MushroomExpert, Macrolepiota procera, https://www.mushroomexpert.com/macrolepiota_procera.html (freely sliding double-edged ring)

PLATE XX · Craterellus cornucopioides · Horn of plenty

MushroomExpert, Craterellus cornucopioides, https://www.mushroomexpert.com/craterellus_cornucopioides.html (mycorrhizal with hardwoods, French name, black trumpet form)

First Nature, Craterellus cornucopioides, Horn of Plenty, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/craterellus-cornucopioides.php (beech and oak, hollow trumpet, cornucopia etymology, edibility and drying)

PLATE XXI · Sparassis crispa · Cauliflower fungus

Scottish Fungi, Sparassis crispa (Cauliflower Mushroom), https://sites.google.com/site/scottishfungi/species-profiles/sparassis-crispa-cauliflower-mushroom (roots of pine, weak parasite, brown rot, recurs yearly, sizes, edibility)

First Nature, Sparassis crispa, Wood Cauliflower, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/sparassis-crispa.php (lobes, up to 40 cm and several kg, pine base, eat only when young and pale)

Kenyon College microbewiki, Sparassis crispa, https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Sparassis_crispa (brown rot fungus on conifer roots)

PLATE XXII · Hydnum repandum · Hedgehog mushroom

First Nature, Hydnum repandum, Wood Hedgehog, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/hydnum-repandum.php (cap, spine length, damp woodland, ectomycorrhizal, rings, edibility)

MushroomExpert, Hydnum repandum, https://www.mushroomexpert.com/hydnum_repandum.html (mycorrhizal with hardwoods or conifers)

PLATE XXIII · Ramaria botrytis · Pink-tipped coral · rosso coral

First Nature, Ramaria botrytis, Rosso Coral, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/ramaria-botrytis.php (colours, beech, ectomycorrhizal, botrytis etymology, Near Threatened, collecting discouraged)

MushroomExpert, Ramaria botrytis, https://www.mushroomexpert.com/ramaria_botrytis.html (mycorrhizal, cauliflower-like young form, pink tips)

PLATE XXIV · Armillaria ostoyae · Honey fungus

Guinness World Records, Heaviest organism, https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/106978-heaviest-organism (Armillaria ostoyae, Malheur National Forest, 965 ha, at least 2,400 years old)

First Nature, Armillaria ostoyae, Dark Honey Fungus, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/armillaria-ostoyae.php (cap, ring, parasitic and saprobic roles)

EarthDate, Bureau of Economic Geology, UT Austin, The Humongous Fungus Among Us, https://www.earthdate.org/episodes/the-humongous-fungus-among-us (rhizomorphs into roots and bark, area over 10 square km)

CONVIVIUM · VOL. II

PLATE I · Betula pendula · Amanita muscaria · Silver birch and fly agaric

First Nature, Amanita muscaria, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/amanita-muscaria.php (ectomycorrhizal; birch, pine, spruce; poisonous)

Woodland Trust, Fly agaric, https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/fungi-and-lichens/fly-agaric/ (mycorrhizal with birch)

PLATE II · Betula · Fomitopsis betulina · Birch and birch polypore

South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, Ötzi's equipment, https://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi/equipment (two pieces on hide strips; assumed therapeutic use)

First Nature, Fomitopsis betulina, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/piptoporus-betulinus.php (birch host; parasite then saprobe)

Wierer et al. 2018, PLoS One, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6010222/ (Fomes fomentarius with pyrite traces in the belt pouch)

PLATE III · Quercus robur · Boletus edulis · Oak and penny bun

First Nature, Boletus edulis, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/boletus-edulis.php (ectomycorrhizal; beech, birch, oak, pine, spruce)

Woodland Trust, Penny bun, https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/fungi-and-lichens/penny-bun/ (oak, beech, birch, conifers; wood edges)

PLATE IV · Quercus · Laetiporus sulphureus · Oak and chicken of the woods

Woodland Trust, Chicken of the woods, https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/fungi-and-lichens/chicken-of-the-woods/ (mainly oak; brown rot; hollows heartwood)

First Nature, Laetiporus sulphureus, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/laetiporus-sulphureus.php (saprobic on dead or dying hardwood; oak, chestnut, beech)

PLATE V · Picea abies · Cantharellus cibarius · Spruce and chanterelle

Kumar et al. 2024, Nutritional, nutraceutical and medicinal potential of Cantharellus cibarius, Food Science and Nutrition, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11717058/ (ectomycorrhizal; pine, spruce, hornbeam, oak; green-moss forest types)

First Nature, Cantharellus cibarius, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/cantharellus-cibarius.php (ectomycorrhizal; also under conifers)

PLATE VI · Pinus sylvestris · Suillus luteus · Pine and slippery jack

MushroomExpert, Suillus luteus, https://www.mushroomexpert.com/suillus_luteus.html (mycorrhizal with pines incl. Scots pine; slimy cap; yellow pores)

First Nature, Suillus luteus, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/suillus-luteus.php (always in or beside pine woods; white ring)

PLATE VII · Fagus sylvatica · Fomes fomentarius · Beech and tinder fungus

First Nature, Fomes fomentarius, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/fomes-fomentarius.php (birch north, beech south; parasite then saprobe; annual layers; tinder)

Trees for Life, Tinder fungus, https://treesforlife.org.uk/into-the-forest/trees-plants-animals/others/tinder-fungus/ (heart rot parasite then saprotroph; widespread on beech in Europe)

South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, Clothing, https://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi/clothing (belt pouch contained tinder fungus)

PLATE VIII · Quercus ilex · Tuber melanosporum · Holm oak and black truffle

Gómez-Molina, Sánchez, Puig-Pey, Garcia-Barreda 2023, Sequential application of inoculation methods improves mycorrhization of Quercus ilex seedlings by Tuber melanosporum, Fungal Biology, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37993244/ (holm oak host; cultivation from mycorrhized seedlings)

First Nature, Tuber melanosporum, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/tuber-melanosporum.php (mycorrhizal under oaks, hazel; pigs then dogs)

PLATE IX · Ulmus · Morchella · Elm and morel

MushroomExpert, Morchella esculentoides / americana, https://www.mushroomexpert.com/morchella_esculentoides.html (possibly saprobic and mycorrhizal; dead or dying American elms)

First Nature, Morchella esculenta, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/morchella-esculenta.php (European habitat: chalky soil under deciduous trees)

PLATE X · Quercus · Lentinula edodes · Oak log and shiitake

Virginia Tech Extension, The Basics of Hardwood-Log Shiitake Mushroom Production and Marketing (ANR-102), https://www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/ANR/ANR-102/ANR-102.html (white oak best; drilling, spawn, wax; lean-to)

WSU Extension, A Hobbyist Guide to Growing Shiitake Mushrooms on Logs, https://pubs.extension.wsu.edu/product/a-hobbyist-guide-to-growing-shiitake-mushrooms-on-logs-for-woodland-owners/ (saprotrophic; oaks most common)

PLATE XI · Malus · Viscum album · Apple and mistletoe

RHS, Mistletoe, https://www.rhs.org.uk/advice/profile?pID=134&cID=728 (semi-parasitic; apple commonest UK host; thrushes spread seed; Christmas)

Pliny the Elder, Natural History XVI.95, ed. Bostock and Riley 1855, Perseus Digital Library, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0137:book%3D16:chapter%3D95 (Druids, oak, golden sickle)

Woodland Trust, Mistletoe, https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/trees-woods-and-wildlife/plants/wild-flowers/mistletoe/ (mistle thrush; apple, lime, poplar)

PLATE XII · Populus · Pleurotus ostreatus · Poplar and oyster mushroom

First Nature, Pleurotus ostreatus, https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/pleurotus-ostreatus.php (saprobic; beech and oak; rarely conifers)

Li, Han, Liu, Zhao, Yang 2020, The saprotrophic Pleurotus ostreatus species complex, IMA Fungus, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7325090/ (saprotrophic decomposer; Populus; Salicaceae hosts)

The Wildlife Trusts, Oyster mushroom, https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/fungi/oyster-mushroom (tiers on dead trees and stumps)